By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process
and soft to the touch. Mechanization of spinning and weaving allowed significant centralization and
expansion in the textile industry during this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton
(5) increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile
invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but
separating the fiber--or lint--from the seed was a laborious process. Sea Island cotton was relatively easy
to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower,
but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple
(10) cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with
seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a
hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds.
Using the gin, a worker could produce up to '50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger
gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
(15) The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation
of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export, dwarfing all others. In
1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share
by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was
represented by cotton.
(20) In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in
that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and
other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement,
mostly in the eastern half of the United States - west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the
Mississippi River.
1.The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when ...